So ... looks like we wuz mostly very wrong. Clearly, everything had got very hot (driving in 41 degree heat in Portugal, after all) and the driveshafts were rather stuck in the diff and had to be knocked out, but the main source of the noise was the propshaft. Not your conventional propshaft knocking at all, but a loud rumbling/graunching that was worse on the overrun and worst of all on corners. It turns out the propshaft rear UJ had broken and was only just hanging together. Following the recommendation further above in this thread, I took the diff to Phil Stewart at Road & Race (at Shoreham, near Sevenoaks), who examined it and concluded that it's serviceable. His firm advice is to use a different oil. I'd been using Caterham's own branded oil, which was at the correct level - whereas Phil recommends Castrol 373. Phil clearly knows his stuff, and is a Sevener himself, and says that this particular model of diff is very robust, so the diff is going back in. As for the prop, there was a clear arc of grease all round the transmission tunnel above the rear UJ. And, as mentioned, the UJ itself is utterly cream-crackered. The prop is now with Propshaft Services (part of Bailey Morris, the Caterham prop manufacturers) in Feltham for new UJs and balancing. I should be able to collect it on Monday. When I handed it over, the technician expressed surprise that it was still actually propelling a car (in fact, he used a technical term for it). As for which came first - the grease exiting or the UJ failing - we can but speculate.